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review on technologies with electricity generation potentials using liquified natural gas regasification coldenergy

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第3期   页码 332-379 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0863-y

摘要： In modern times, worldwide requirements to curb greenhouse gas emissions, and increment in energy demand due to the progress of humanity, have become a serious concern. In such scenarios, the effective and efficient utilization of the liquified natural gas (LNG) regasification cold energy (RCE), in the economically and environmentally viable methods, could present a great opportunity in tackling the core issues related to global warming across the world. In this paper, the technologies that are widely used to harness the LNG RCE for electrical power have been reviewed. The systems incorporating, the Rankine cycles, Stirling engines, Kalina cycles, Brayton cycles, Allam cycles, and fuel cells have been considered. Additionally, the economic and environmental studies apart from the thermal studies have also been reviewed. Moreover, the discussion regarding the systems with respect to the regassification pressure of the LNG has also been provided. The aim of this paper is to provide guidelines for the prospective researchers and policy makers in their decision making.

关键词： liquified natural gas     cold energy     power generation    

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A fully solid-state cold thermal energy storage device for car seats using shape-memory alloys

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第4期   页码 504-515 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0855-3

摘要： Thermal energy storage has been a pivotal technology to fill the gap between energy demands and energy supplies. As a solid-solid phase change material, shape-memory alloys (SMAs) have the inherent advantages of leakage free, no encapsulation, negligible volume variation, as well as superior energy storage properties such as high thermal conductivity (compared with ice and paraffin) and volumetric energy density, making them excellent thermal energy storage materials. Considering these characteristics, the design of the shape-memory alloy based the cold thermal energy storage system for precooling car seat application is introduced in this paper based on the proposed shape-memory alloy-based cold thermal energy storage cycle. The simulation results show that the minimum temperature of the metal boss under the seat reaches 26.2 °C at 9.85 s, which is reduced by 9.8 °C, and the energy storage efficiency of the device is 66%. The influence of initial temperature, elastocaloric materials, and the shape-memory alloy geometry scheme on the performance of car seat cold thermal energy storage devices is also discussed. Since SMAs are both solid-state refrigerants and thermal energy storage materials, hopefully the proposed concept can promote the development of more promising shape-memory alloy-based cold and hot thermal energy storage devices.

关键词： shape-memory alloy (SMA)     elastocaloric effect (eCE)     cooled seat     cold thermal energy storage    

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Fabrication of form stable NaCl-Al2O3 composite for thermal energy storage by cold sintering process

Bilyaminu Suleiman, Qinghua Yu, Yulong Ding, Yongliang Li

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第4期   页码 727-735 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1823-2

摘要： A form stable NaCl-Al O (50-50 wt-%) composite material for high temperature thermal energy storage was fabricated by cold sintering process, a process recently applied to the densification of ceramics at low temperature ˂ 300°C under uniaxial pressure in the presence of small amount of transient liquid. The fabricated composite achieved as high as 98.65% of the theoretical density. The NaCl-Al O composite also retained the chloride salt without leakage after 30 heating-cooling cycles between 750°C–850°C together with a holding period of 24 h at 850°C. X-ray diffraction measurements indicated congruent solubility of the alumina in chloride salt, excellent compatibility of NaCl with Al O , and chemical stability at high temperature. Structural analysis by scanning electron microscope also showed limited grain growth, high density, uniform NaCl distribution and clear faceted composite structure without inter-diffusion. The latent heat storage density of 252.5 J/g was obtained from simultaneous thermal analysis. Fracture strength test showed high sintered strength around 5 GPa after 50 min. The composite was found to have fair mass losses due to volatilization. Overall, cold sintering process has the potential to be an efficient, safe and cost-effective strategy for the fabrication of high temperature thermal energy storage materials.

关键词： cold sintering process     composite fabrication     thermal energy storage     phase change materials    

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A review of cryogenic power generation cycles with liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization

Feier XUE,Yu CHEN,Yonglin JU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年 第10卷 第3期   页码 363-374 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0397-7

摘要： Liquefied natural gas (LNG), an increasingly widely applied clean fuel, releases a large number of cold energy in its regasification process. In the present paper, the existing power generation cycles utilizing LNG cold energy are introduced and summarized. The direction of cycle improvement can be divided into the key factors affecting basic power generation cycles and the structural enhancement of cycles utilizing LNG cold energy. The former includes the effects of LNG-side parameters, working fluids, and inlet and outlet thermodynamic parameters of equipment, while the latter is based on Rankine cycle, Brayton cycle, Kalina cycle and their compound cycles. In the present paper, the diversities of cryogenic power generation cycles utilizing LNG cold energy are discussed and analyzed. It is pointed out that further researches should focus on the selection and component matching of organic mixed working fluids and the combination of process simulation and experimental investigation, etc.

关键词： liquefied natural gas (LNG) cold energy     power generation cycle     Rankine cycle     compound cycle    

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Numerical simulation of underground seasonal cold energy storage for a 10 MW solar thermal power plant

Zulkarnain ABBAS, Yong LI, Ruzhu WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第2期   页码 328-344 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0676-1

摘要： This paper aims to explore an efficient, cost-effective, and water-saving seasonal cold energy storage technique based on borehole heat exchangers to cool the condenser water in a 10 MW solar thermal power plant. The proposed seasonal cooling mechanism is designed for the areas under typical weather conditions to utilize the low ambient temperature during the winter season and to store cold energy. The main objective of this paper is to utilize the storage unit in the peak summer months to cool the condenser water and to replace the dry cooling system. Using the simulation platform transient system simulation program (TRNSYS), the borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) system model has been developed and the dynamic capacity of the system in the charging and discharging mode of cold energy for one-year operation is studied. The typical meteorological year (TMY) data of Dunhuang, Gansu province, in north-western China, is utilized to determine the lowest ambient temperature and operation time of the system to store cold energy. The proposed seasonal cooling system is capable of enhancing the efficiency of a solar thermal power plant up to 1.54% and 2.74% in comparison with the water-cooled condenser system and air-cooled condenser system respectively. The techno-economic assessment of the proposed technique also supports its integration with the condenser unit in the solar thermal power plant. This technique has also a great potential to save the water in desert areas.

关键词： seasonal cold energy storage     borehole heat exchangers     typical meteorological data     TRNSYS     condenser cooling     techno-economic assessment    

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Heating energy savings potential from retrofitting old apartments with an advanced double-skin façadesystem in cold climate

Yeo Beom YOON, Byeongmo SEO, Brian Baewon KOH, Soolyeon CHO

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年 第14卷 第2期   页码 224-240 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0801-1

摘要： Apartments account for over 60% of total residential buildings and consume a significant portion of primary energy in South Korea. Various energy efficiency measures have been implemented for both new apartment constructions and existing apartment retrofits. Old apartment structures have poor thermal performances, resulting in a high energy consumption. The South Korean government initiated retrofitting projects to improve the energy efficiency in old apartments. Apartment owners typically replace old windows with high-performance windows; however, there is still a demand for better and more innovative retrofit methods for a highly improved energy efficiency. This paper proposes an advanced double-skin façade (DSF) system to replace existing balcony windows in old apartments. Considering the cold climate conditions of Seoul, South Korea, it mainly discusses heating energy savings. Three case models were developed: Base-Case with existing apartment, Case-1 with typical retrofitting, and Case-2 with the proposed DSF system. The EnergyPlus simulation program was used to develop simulation models for a floor radiant heating system. A typical gas boiler was selected for low-temperature radiant system modeling. The air flow network method was used to model the proposed DSF system. Five heating months, i.e., November to March, and one representative day, i.e., January 24, were selected for detailed analysis. The main heat loss areas consist of windows, walls, and infiltration. The results reveal that the apartment with the DSF retrofit saves 38.8% on the annual heating energy compared to the Base-Case and 35.2% compared to Case-1.

关键词： double-skin façade     retrofitting     high-rise apartment     heating energy     building simulation    

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A simplified model of direct-contact heat transfer in desalination system utilizing LNG cold energy

Qingqing SHEN, Wensheng LIN, Anzhong GU, Yonglin JU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第2期   页码 122-128 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0175-0

摘要： With the increasingly extensive utilization of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in China today, sustainable and effective using of LNG cold energy is becoming increasingly important. In this paper, the utilization of LNG cold energy in seawater desalination system is proposed and analyzed. In this system, the cold energy of the LNG is first transferred to a kind of refrigerant, i.e., butane, which is immiscible with water. The cold refrigerant is then directly injected into the seawater. As a result, the refrigerant droplet is continuously heated and vaporized, and in consequence some of the seawater is simultaneously frozen. The formed ice crystal contains much less salt than that in the original seawater. A simplified model of the direct-contact heat transfer in this desalination system is proposed and theoretical analyses are conducted, taking into account both energy balance and population balance. The number density distribution of two-phase bubbles, the heat transfer between the two immiscible fluids, and the temperature variation are then deduced. The influences of initial size of dispersed phase droplets, the initial temperature of continuous phase, and the volumetric heat transfer coefficient are also clarified. The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the available experimental data of the R114/water system.

关键词： liquefied natural gas (LNG)     cold energy utilization     desalination     direct-contact heat transfer    

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Effect of catalyst layer mesoscopic pore-morphology on cold start process of PEM fuel cells

Ahmed Mohmed DAFALLA, Fangming JIANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第2期   页码 460-472 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0733-4

摘要： Water transport is of paramount importance to the cold start of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Analysis of water transport in cathode catalyst layer (CCL) during cold start reveals the distinct characteristics from the normal temperature operation. This work studies the effect of CCL mesoscopic pore-morphology on PEMFC cold start. The CCL mesoscale morphology is characterized by two tortuosity factors of the ionomer network and pore structure, respectively. The simulation results demonstrate that the mesoscale morphology of CCL has a significant influence on the performance of PEMFC cold start. It was found that cold-starting of a cell with a CCL of less tortuous mesoscale morphology can succeed, whereas starting up a cell with a CCL of more tortuous mesoscale morphology may fail. The CCL of less tortuous pore structure reduces the water back diffusion resistance from the CCL to proton exchange membrane (PEM), thus enhancing the water storage in PEM, while reducing the tortuosity in ionomer network of CCL is found to enhance the water transport in and the water removal from CCL. For the sake of better cold start performance, novel preparation methods, which can create catalyst layers of larger size primary pores and less tortuous pore structure and ionomer network, are desirable.

关键词： cold start     energy conversion     fuel cells     mesoscale morphology     tortuosity     water management    

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Performance improvement of a pulse tube cryocooler with a single compressor through cascade utilization of coldenergy

Xuming LIU, Xiafan XU, Biao YANG, Xiaotong XI, Liubiao CHEN, Junjie WANG, Yuan ZHOU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第2期   页码 345-357 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0708-x

摘要： The high-frequency pulse tube cryocooler (HPTC) has been attracting increasing and widespread attention in the field of cryogenic technology because of its compact structure, low vibration, and reliable operation. The gas-coupled HPTC, driven by a single compressor, is currently the simplest and most compact structure. For HPTCs operating below 20 K, in order to obtain the mW cooling capacity, hundreds or even thousands of watts of electrical power are consumed, where radiation heat leakage accounts for a large proportion of their cooling capacity. In this paper, based on SAGE10, a HPTC heat radiation calculation model was first established to study the effects of radiation heat leakage on apparent performance parameters (such as temperature and cooling capacity), and internal parameters (such as enthalpy flow and gas distribution) of the gas-coupled HPTC. An active thermal insulation method of cascade utilization of the cold energy of the system was proposed for the gas-coupled HPTC. Numerical simulations indicate that the reduction of external radiation heat leakage cannot only directly increase the net cooling power, but also decrease the internal gross losses and increase the mass and acoustic power in the lower-temperature section, which further enhances the refrigeration performance. The numerical calculation results were verified by experiments, and the test results showed that the no-load temperature of the developed cryocooler prototype decreased from 15.1 K to 6.4 K, and the relative Carnot efficiency at 15.5 K increased from 0.029% to 0.996% when substituting the proposed active method for the traditional passive method with multi-layer thermal insulation materials.

关键词： radiation heat leakage     active thermal insulation     cascade utilization     cold energy     performance improvement     cryocooler    

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Progress and prospect of hydrate-based desalination technology

Jibao ZHANG, Shujun CHEN, Ning MAO, Tianbiao HE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第3期   页码 445-459 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0740-5

摘要： With the continuous growth of the population and the improvement of production, the shortage of freshwater has plagued many countries. The use of novel technologies such as desalination to produce fresh water on a large scale has become inevitable in the world. Hydrate-based desalination (HBD) technology has drawn an increasing amount of attention due to its mild operation condition and environmental friendliness. In this paper, literature on hydrate-based desalination is comprehensively analyzed and critically evaluated, focuses on experimental progress in different hydrate formers that have an impact on thermodynamics and dynamics in hydrate formation. Besides, various porous media promotion is investigated. Besides, the hydrate formation morphology and hydrate crystal structure with different hydrate formers are analyzed and compared. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulation is discussed to further understand microscopic information of hydrate formation. Furthermore, simulations of the HBD process by considering the energy consumption are also investigated. In conclusion, the hydrated based desalination is a potential technology to get fresh water in a sustainable way.

关键词： gas hydrates     desalination     crystal morphology     molecular dynamic     cold energy    

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Optimization of cold-end system of thermal power plants based on entropy generation minimization

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第6期   页码 956-972 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0785-5

摘要： Cold-end systems are heat sinks of thermal power cycles, which have an essential effect on the overall performance of thermal power plants. To enhance the efficiency of thermal power plants, multi-pressure condensers have been applied in some large-capacity thermal power plants. However, little attention has been paid to the optimization of the cold-end system with multi-pressure condensers which have multiple parameters to be identified. Therefore, the design optimization methods of cold-end systems with single- and multi-pressure condensers are developed based on the entropy generation rate, and the genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize multiple parameters. Multiple parameters, including heat transfer area of multi-pressure condensers, steam distribution in condensers, and cooling water mass flow rate, are optimized while considering detailed entropy generation rate of the cold-end systems. The results show that the entropy generation rate of the multi-pressure cold-end system is less than that of the single-pressure cold-end system when the total condenser area is constant. Moreover, the economic performance can be improved with the adoption of the multi-pressure cold-end system. When compared with the single-pressure cold-end system, the excess revenues gained by using dual- and quadruple-pressure cold-end systems are 575 and 580 k$/a, respectively.

关键词： cold-end system     entropy generation minimization     optimization     economic analysis     genetic algorithm (GA)    

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Current understanding and applications of the cold sintering process

Tong Yu, Jiang Cheng, Lu Li, Benshuang Sun, Xujin Bao, Hongtao Zhang

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第4期   页码 654-664 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1832-1

摘要： In traditional ceramic processing techniques, high sintering temperature is necessary to achieve fully dense microstructures. But it can cause various problems including warpage, overfiring, element evaporation, and polymorphic transformation. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel processing technique called “cold sintering process (CSP)” has been explored by Randall et al. CSP enables densification of ceramics at ultra-low temperature (≤300°C) with the assistance of transient aqueous solution and applied pressure. In CSP, the processing conditions including aqueous solution, pressure, temperature, and sintering duration play critical roles in the densification and properties of ceramics, which will be reviewed. The review will also include the applications of CSP in solid-state rechargeable batteries. Finally, the perspectives about CSP is proposed.

关键词： cold sintering process     processing variables     solid-state rechargeable batteries    

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Application of cold spraying for flux-free brazing of aluminium alloy 6060

Kirsten BOBZIN, Lidong ZHAO, Thomas SCHLAEFER, Thomas WARDA,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2010年 第5卷 第3期   页码 256-260 doi: 10.1007/s11465-010-0095-9

摘要： In the present study, samples of aluminium alloy 6060 were coated by cold spraying with a powder of brazing alloy Al12Si. The influence of the process gas temperature on particle velocities and coating build-up was investigated. The coated samples were heat-treated in air and under argon atmosphere to investigate the wetting behaviour of the deposited Al12Si and the diffusion processes between Al12Si coatings and substrates. Coated samples were brazed flux-free under argon atmosphere by an induction heating system. The microstructure of the coated, heat-treated, and brazed samples was investigated. The shear strength of the brazed joints was determined. The results show that the brazing alloy Al12Si could be very well deposited on the substrate by cold spraying. The particle velocity increased with increasing process temperature. Correspondingly, the thickness of Al12Si coatings increased with increasing process temperature. The heat treatments showed that a very good metallurgical bond between the Al12Si coatings and the substrate could be realized by the deposition using cold spraying. The coated samples could be well brazed without fluxes. The coating thickness and overlap width influenced the shear strength of the brazed joints. The highest shear strength of brazed joints amounts to 80 MPa.

关键词： aluminium alloy     flux-free brazing     cold spraying     shear strength    

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Tracking in urban wastewater treatment plants in a cold region: Occurrence, species and infectivity

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第9期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-022-1533-8

摘要：

• Cryptosporidium in WWTPs in a cold region was investigated in different seasons.

关键词： WWTPs     Cryptosporidium     Occurrence     Species     Infectivity     Low temperature    

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Survey of thermal comfort in residential buildings under natural conditions in hot humid and cold wet

Changhai PENG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第4期   页码 503-511 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0095-1

摘要： Comfort standards (ISO 7730, ASHRAE 55) specify the exact physical criteria for producing acceptable thermal environments, such as temperature, air movement, and humidity limits. These, however, are often difficult to comply with, particularly in hot humid and cold wet seasons in Nanjing, China. Changing expectations of comfort is important in evaluating comfort, since naturally conditioned buildings in Nanjing are not typically air-conditioned. For this objective, a field study was conducted during the summer of 2000 and the winter of 2001. A total of 600 participants each answered a subjective questionnaire. Analyzing these field data shows that in natural conditions, the influence of gender and age on people’s thermal sensations is insignificant compared with six main variables. In addition, people’s thermal discomfort rapidly increases along with growth in relative humidity. Further, the variation of people’s hot or cold sensations is in proportion to that of air movement, and the effect in winter is greater than that in summer. The range of acceptable temperatures in hot humid and cold wet Nanjing is between 14.14°C and 29.42°C.

关键词： thermal comfort     naturally conditioned     hot humid     cold wet     Nanjing    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

review on technologies with electricity generation potentials using liquified natural gas regasification coldenergy

期刊论文

A fully solid-state cold thermal energy storage device for car seats using shape-memory alloys

期刊论文

Fabrication of form stable NaCl-Al2O3 composite for thermal energy storage by cold sintering process

Bilyaminu Suleiman, Qinghua Yu, Yulong Ding, Yongliang Li

期刊论文

A review of cryogenic power generation cycles with liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization

Feier XUE,Yu CHEN,Yonglin JU

期刊论文

Numerical simulation of underground seasonal cold energy storage for a 10 MW solar thermal power plant

Zulkarnain ABBAS, Yong LI, Ruzhu WANG

期刊论文

Heating energy savings potential from retrofitting old apartments with an advanced double-skin façadesystem in cold climate

Yeo Beom YOON, Byeongmo SEO, Brian Baewon KOH, Soolyeon CHO

期刊论文

A simplified model of direct-contact heat transfer in desalination system utilizing LNG cold energy

Qingqing SHEN, Wensheng LIN, Anzhong GU, Yonglin JU

期刊论文

Effect of catalyst layer mesoscopic pore-morphology on cold start process of PEM fuel cells

Ahmed Mohmed DAFALLA, Fangming JIANG

期刊论文

Performance improvement of a pulse tube cryocooler with a single compressor through cascade utilization of coldenergy

Xuming LIU, Xiafan XU, Biao YANG, Xiaotong XI, Liubiao CHEN, Junjie WANG, Yuan ZHOU

期刊论文

Progress and prospect of hydrate-based desalination technology

Jibao ZHANG, Shujun CHEN, Ning MAO, Tianbiao HE

期刊论文

Optimization of cold-end system of thermal power plants based on entropy generation minimization

期刊论文

Current understanding and applications of the cold sintering process

Tong Yu, Jiang Cheng, Lu Li, Benshuang Sun, Xujin Bao, Hongtao Zhang

期刊论文

Application of cold spraying for flux-free brazing of aluminium alloy 6060

Kirsten BOBZIN, Lidong ZHAO, Thomas SCHLAEFER, Thomas WARDA,

期刊论文

Tracking in urban wastewater treatment plants in a cold region: Occurrence, species and infectivity

期刊论文

Survey of thermal comfort in residential buildings under natural conditions in hot humid and cold wet

Changhai PENG

期刊论文